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First Anniversary of the American Equal Rights Association
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First Anniversary of the American Equal Rights Association
Famous Speech by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
May 9, 1867
In considering the question of suffrage, there are two starting points:
one, that this right is a gift of society, in which certain men, having
inherited this privilege from some abstract body and abstract place, have
now the right to secure it for themselves and their privileged order to
the end of time. This principle leads logically to governing races,
classes, families; and, in direct antagonism to our idea of
self-government, takes us back to monarchies despotisms, to a experiment
that has been tried over and over again, 6,000 years, and uniformly
failed. "I do not hold my liberties," says Gratz Brown in the Senate of
the United States, "by any such tenure. On the contrary, I believe,
whenever you establish that doctrine, whenever you crystallize that idea
in the public mind of this country, you ring the death-knell of American
liberties."
Ignoring this point of view as untenable and anti-republican, and taking
the opposite, that suffrage is a natural right—as necessary to man under
government, for the protection of person and property, as are air and
motion to life—we hold talisman by which to show the right of all classes
to the ballot, to remove every obstacle, to answer every objection, to
point out the tyranny of every qualification to the free exercise of this
sacred right.
To discuss the question of suffrage for women and negroes, as women and
negroes, and not as citizens of a republic, implies that there are some
reasons for demanding this right for these classes that do not apply to
"white males."
The obstinate persistence with which fallacious and absurd objections are
pressed against their enfranchisement—as if they were anomalous beings,
outside all human laws and necessities—is most humiliating and insulting
to every black man and woman who has one particle of healthy, high-toned
self-respect. There are no special claims to propose for women and
negroes, no new arguments to make in their behalf. The same already made
to extend suffrage to all the white men in this country, the same John
Bright makes for the working men of England, the same made for the
enfranchisement of 22,000,000 Russian serfs, are all we have to make for
black me and women. As the greater includes the less, an argument for
universal suffrage covers the whole question, the rights of all citizens.
In thus relaying the foundations of government, we settle all these side
issues of race, color and sex, end all class legislation, and remove
forever the fruitful cause of all the jealousies, dissensions and
revolution of the past. This is the platform of the American Equal Rights
Association. "We are masters of the situation." Here black men and women
are buried in the citizen. As in the war, freedom was the keynote of
victory, so now is universal suffrage the keynote of reconstruction.
"Negro suffrage" may answer as a party cry for an effete political
organization through another Presidential campaign; but the people of this
country have a broader work on hand to-day than to save the Republican
party, or, with some abolitionists, to settle the rights of races. The
battles of the ages have been fought for races, classes, parties, over and
over again, and force always carried the day, and will until we settle the
higher, the holier question of individual rights. This is our American
idea, and on a wise settlement of this question rests the problem whether
our nation shall live or perish.
The principle of inequality in government has been thoroughly tried, and
every nation based on that idea that has not already perished, clearly
shows the seeds of death in its dissensions and decline. Though it has
never been tried, we know an experiment on the basis of equality would be
safe; for the laws in the world of morals are as immutable as in the world
of matter. As the Astronomer Le Verrier discovered the planet that bears
his name by a process of reason and calculation through the variations of
other planets from known laws, so can the true statesman, through the
telescope of justice, see the genuine republic of the future amid the
ruins of the mighty nations that have passed away. The opportunity now
given us to make the experiment of self-government should be regarded by
every American citizen as a solemn and a sacred trust. When we remember
that a nation's life and growth and immortality depend on its legislation,
can we exalt too highly the dignity and responsibility of the ballot, the
science of political economy, the sphere of government? Statesmanship is,
of all sciences, the most exalted and comprehensive, for it includes all
others. Among men we find those who study the laws of national life more
liberal and enlightened on all subjects than those who confine their
researchers in special directions. When we base nations on justice and
equality, we lift government out of the mists of speculation into the
dignity of a fixed science. Everything short of this is trick,
legerdemain, sleight of hand. Magicians may make nations seem to live, but
they do not. The Newtons of our day who should try to make apples stand in
the air or men walk on the wall, would be no more puerile in their
experiments than are they who build nations outside of law, on the basis
of inequality.
What thinking man can talk of coming down into the arena of politics? If
we need purity, honor, self-sacrifice and devotion anywhere, we need them
in those who have in their keeping the life and prosperity of a nation. In
the enfranchisement of woman, in lifting her up into this broader sphere,
we see for her new honor and dignity, more liberal, exalted and
enlightened views of life, its objects, ends and aims, and an entire
revolution in the new world of interest and action where she is soon to
play her part. And in saying this, I do not claim that woman is better
than man, but that the sexes have a civilizing power on each other. The
distinguished historian, Henry Thomas Buckle, says:
"The turn of thought of woman, their habits of mind, their conversation,
invariably extending over the whole surface of society, and frequently
penetrating its intimate structure, have, more than all other things put
together, tended to rise us into an ideal world, and lift us from the dust
into which we are too prone to grovel.
And this will be her influence in exalting and purifying the world of
politics. When woman understands the momentous interests that depend on
the ballot, she will make it her first duty to educate every American boy
and girl into the idea that to vote is the most sacred act of
citizenship—a religious duty not to be discharged thoughtlessly, selfishly
or corruptly; but conscientiously, remembering that, in a republican
government, to every citizen is entrusted the interests of the nation.
"Would you fully estimate the responsibility of the ballot, think of it as
the great regulation power of a continent, of all our interests,
political, commercial, religious, educational, social and sanitary!"
To many minds, this claim for the ballot suggests nothing more than a
rough polling-booth where coarse, drunken men, elbowing each other, wade
knee-deep in mud to drop a little piece of paper two inches long into a
box—simply this and nothing more. The poet Wordsworth, showing the blank
materialism of those who see only with their outward eyes, says of his
Peter Bell:
"A primrose on the river's brink
A yellow primrose was to him,
And it was nothing more."
So our political Peter Bells see the rough polling-booth, in this great
right of citizenship, and nothing more. In this act, so lightly esteemed
by the mere materialist, behold the realization of that great idea
struggled for in the ages and proclaimed by the Fathers, the right of
self-government. That little piece of paper dropped into a box is the
symbol of equality, of citizenship, of wealth, virtue, education,
self-protection, dignity, independence and power—the mightiest engine yet
placed in the hand of man for the uprooting of ignorance, tyranny,
superstition, the overturning of thrones, altars, kings, popes,
despotisms, monarchies and empires. What phantom can the sons of the
Pilgrims, be chasing, when they make merchandise of a power like this?
Judas Iscariot, selling his Master for thirty pieces of silver, is a fit
type of those American citizens who sell their votes, and thus betray the
right of self-government. Talk not of the "muddy pool of politics," as if
such things must need be. Behold, with the coming of woman into this
higher sphere of influence, the dawn of the new day, when politics, so
called, are to be lifted into the world of morals and religion; when the
polling-booth shall be a beautiful temple, surrounded by fountains and
flowers and triumphal arches, through which young men and maidens shall go
up in joyful procession to ballot for justice and freedom; and when our
elections shall be like the holy feasts of the Jews at Jerusalem. Through
the trials of this second revolution shall not our nation rise up, with
new virtue and strength, to fulfill her mission in leading all the peoples
of the earth to the only solid foundation of government, "equal rights to
all?" What an inheritance is ours! What boundless resources for wealth,
happiness and development! With every variety of climate and production,
with our mighty lakes and rivers majestic forests and inexhaustible mines,
nothing can check our future prosperity but a lack of virtue in the
people. Let us not, like the foolish prodigal, waste our substance in
riotous living, and, through ease, luxury and corruption, check the onward
march of this western civilization. Our danger lies, not in the direction
of despotism, in the one-man power, in centralization; but in the
corruption of the people. Is it not enough to fill any true patriot with
apprehension, to read the accounts in our daily journals of the wholesale
bribery that unblushingly shows itself everywhere? It is not the poor,
unlettered foreigner alone who sells his vote; but native-born American
citizens, congressmen, senators, judges, jurors, "white males" who own
$250 worth of real estate and can read the Constitution. It is not in Wall
street alone that men gamble in stocks; but our State and National
Capitols—even our courts of justice—are made houses of merchandise. Women
of the Republic, what say you for your son? What say our legislators for
themselves?—they who claim to represent their mothers, wives and daughters
to have their lives, liberty and happiness in their keeping. "There is
something rotten in Denmark." Ralph Waldo Emerson says, "men are what
their mothers made them." The fountain rises no higher than its source.
The art, the stratagem, the duplicity, the sham of our social life is all
repeated in our legislation. "Give a man a right over my subsistence,"
says Alexander Hamilton, "and he has a right over my whole moral being."
When any class lives by favors, rather than honorable, profitable labor;
when shelter, food and clothes are to be wheedled out of a privileged
order, life is necessarily based on chicanery, degradation and dishonor.
In woman's aimless, dependent education, her noblest aspiration, her
holiest sentiments, are perverted or sacrificed. She has but one object in
life, and that one is desecrated, compelled as she is, in ease and luxury,
to marry for a position, a palace, equipage, silks and diamonds, or, in
poverty and isolation, for bread and a home. With marriages of interest,
convenience, necessity, the very fountains of life are poisoned. This
first false step in our social life can only be remedied by making woman
independent, and profitable labor honorable for all. Educate girls for all
the avocations of life. Teach them to scorn, as the boy does, to live on
the bounty of another. Virtue and independence go hand in hand. If you
would have the future men of this nation do justice and walk uprightly,
remove every barrier in the way of woman's elevation, that she, too, with
honor and dignity on her brow, may stand self-poised, above fear, want or
temptation.
Never, until woman is an independent, self-sustaining force in society,
can she take her true, exalted position as the mother, the educator of the
race. Never, as a dependent on his wish, his will, his bounty to be
sheltered, fed and clothed, will man recognize in woman an equal moral
power in the universe of mind. The same principle that governed plantation
life, governs the home. The master could quote law and gospel for his
authority over the slave, so can the husband still. You see man's idea of
women true position in his codes and creeds. His commentaries on
Blackstone and the Bible alike place her "sub potestate viri;" under the
power of man. The mass of both men and women really believe this to be the
Heaven-ordained status of a Christian wife. Hence we have, in the home as
on the plantation, ruler and subject on one side, purse, power and rights
on the other—favors or wrongs, according to the character of the
"divinely-appointed head," But fair, equal-handed justice can never be
found where the rights of one class are at the mercy of another. The black
man, as a slave, was compelled to lie and cheat and steal. All he got was
by his wits; he had no rights which any one was bound to respect. He had
nothing to hope for, nothing to gain; hence food and clothes were more to
him than principles. But that chain is broken; he is free, holds the
ballot, lives on his own earnings. With responsibility come honesty,
honor, dignity; and to-day Gov. Orr reasons with him as a man, and gives
him dissertations on the policy of fair-dealing with white men. But, if a
woman corners her husband in fair debate, shows him that her plan of
action in any direction is better than his, he flies into a passion,
declares "there is no reasoning with a woman," and, from sheer will,
thwarts the end she desires. Thus she is driven to cunning and management
to get what is denied as her right. Shut up to a life of folly, fashion
and dependence, with no means of her own to gratify her taste or vanity,
she would be a dull scholar not to learn the wisdom of having no opinion,
will or wish opposed to him who carries the purse. She has no purse of her
own, so she makes bills at the milliner's, the dress-maker's, the fancy
store, the restaurant which she cannot pay. She staves off their claims as
long as possible; but at last the awful moment comes, and the bills are
sent to her husband. He raises a tempest at home, refuses to pay, is sued,
and is laughed at in court as some malicious lawyer slowly reads over the
articles of his wife's wardrobe and how many times she ate ice-cream or
oysters in one week, all of which is published to the world the next day.
And this is the beautiful, refined seclusion where the feminine element is
supposed to be most favorably developed; from which the liberal pulpit
even fears to transplant woman to the world of work, where she may become
honest and independent. Under such circumstances, how can woman base her
everyday life on principle? False to herself, how can she be true to
others? So long as she is petty, servile, tricky, how can her sons be
magnanimous, noble and just?
And this is the "home influence" of which we hear so much—the great
normal-school of legislators, senators and presidents. Here are your
boasted mothers, the women who govern the world, without enough force or
dignity or principle to stand upright themselves. The family, that great
conservator of national strength and morals—how can you cement its ties
but by the virtue and independence of both man and woman? If one-half we
hear of the bribery and corruption of our day be true, and we are
responsible for this state of things, we must confess that women has made
a most lamentable failure in governing the world for the last six thousand
years by the "magic power of influence." If this be indeed her work, and
if, in fact, as all philosophers tell us, woman does govern the world, it
behooves her now to demand a fitting education for so responsible a
position, that she may understand the science of life, and make a new
experiment in government with the direct power of the ballot-box; that, by
an intelligent use of the franchise, she may so change the conditions of
life as to lift the race on a higher platform that she could ever do by
tact, cunning or management. The effect of concentrating all woman's
thoughts and interests in home-life, intensifies her selfishness and
narrows her ideas in every direction; hence she is arbitrary in her views
of government, bigoted in religion, and exclusive in society. She is the
ignorant, the conservative element, the staunch supporter everywhere of
the aristocratic idea. Look at the log line of equipages and liveried
servants in Fifth Avenue and Central Park, the pageant composed chiefly of
women. Think of stalwart men, dressed up like monkeys, perched on the back
seat of a carriage for ornament. A coat of arms and livery belong
legitimately to countries that boast an order of nobility, an established
church, a law of primogeniture—where families live through centuries; but
here, where the follow chandler of yesterday lives in a palace to-day,
they are out of place. What a spectacle for us who proclaimed the glorious
doctrine of equality a century ago, to be imitating the sham and tinsel of
the effete civilizations of the Old World—degrading the dignity and
majesty of the idea on which our government is based!
Now men in political life cannot afford to do these things. They always
have the ballot-box, that great leveller, before their eyes. They keep
their kid gloves in their pockets, shake hands all round, and act as if
they believed all men equal, especially about election time. This practice
they have in the right direction, does in time mold them a new into
broader, more liberal views than the women by their side. When our
fashionable, educated women vote, there will be an enthusiasm thrown round
our republican idea such as we have never realized before. It is in vain
to look for a genuine republic in this country until the women are
baptized into the idea, until they understand the genius of our
institutions, until they study the science of government, until they hold
the ballot in their hands and have a direct voice in our legislation. What
is the reason, with the argument in favor of the enfranchisement of women
all on one side, without an opponent worthy of consideration—while British
statesmen, even, are discussing this question—that Northern men are so
dumb and dogged, manifesting a studied indifference to what they can
either answer nor prevent? What is the reason that even abolitionists who
have fearlessly claimed political, religious and social equality for woman
for the last twenty years, should now, with bated breath, give her but a
passing word in their public speeches and editorial comments—as if her
rights constituted but a side issue in this grave question of
reconstruction? All must see that this claim for male-hood suffrage is but
another experiment in class legislation, another violation of the
republican idea. With the black man we have no new elements in government;
but with the education and elevation of woman we have a power that is to
galvanize the Saxon race into a higher and nobler life, and thus, by the
law of attraction, to lift all races to a more even platform than can ever
be reached in the political isolation of the sexes. Why ignore 15,000,000
women in the reconstruction? The philosophy of this silence is plain
enough. The black man crowned with the rights of citizenship, there are no
political Ishmaelites left but the women. This is the last stronghold of
aristocracy in the country. Sydney Smith says: "There always has been, and
always will be, a class of men in the world so small that, if women were
educated, there would be nothing left below them."
It is consolation to the "white male," to the popinjays in all our
seminaries of learning, to the ignorant foreigner, the boot-black and
barber, the idiot—for a "white male" may vote if he be not more than
nine-tenths a fool—to look down on women of wealth and education, who
write books, make speeches, and discuss principles with the savans of
their age. It is a consolation for these classes to be able to say, well,
if women can do these things, "they can't vote, after all." I heard some
boys discoursing thus not long since. I told them they reminded me of a
story I heard of two Irishmen the first time they saw a locomotive with a
train of cars. As the majestic fire-horse, with all its grace and polish,
moved up to a station, stopped, and snorted, as its mighty power was
curbed, then slowly gathered up its forces again and moved swiftly on—"be
jabers," says Pat, "there's muscle for you. What are we beside that
giant?" They watched it intently till out of sight, seemingly with real
envy, as if oppressed with a feeling of weakness and poverty before this
unknown power; but rallying at last, one says to the other: "No matter,
Pat; let it snort and dash on—it can't vote, after all."
Poor human nature wants something to look down on. No privileged order
ever did see the wrongs of its own victims, and why expect the "white male
citizen" to enfranchise woman without a struggle—by a scratch of the pen
to place themselves on a dead level with their lowest order? And what a
fall would that be, any countrymen. In none of the nations of modern
Europe is there a class of women so degraded politically as are the women
of these Northern States. In the Old World, where the government is the
aristocracy, where it is considered a mark of nobility to share its
offices and powers—these women of rank have certain hereditary rights
which raise them above a majority of the men, certain honors and
privileges not granted to serfs or peasants. In England woman may be
Queen, hold office, vote on some questions.
In the southern States even the women were not degraded below their
working population, they were not humiliated in seeing their coachmen,
gardeners and waiters go to the polls to legislate on their interests;
hence there was a pride and dignity in their bearing not found in the
women of the North, and a pluck in the chivalry before which northern
doughfaceism has ever cowered. But here, where the ruling class, the
aristocracy, is "male", no matter whether washed or unwashed, lettered or
unlettered, rich or poor, black or white, here in this boasted northern
civilization, under the shadow of Bunker Hill and Faneuil Hall, which Mr.
Phillips proposes to cram down the throat of South Carolina—here women of
wealth and education, who pay taxes and are amenable to law, who may be
hung, even though not permitted to choose the judge, the juror, or the
sheriff who does the dismal deed, women who are your peers in art, science
and literature—already close upon your heels in the whole world of
thought—are thrust outside the pale of political consideration with
traitors, idiots, minors, with those guilty of bribery, larceny and
infamous crime. What a category is this in which to place your mothers,
wives and daughters. "I ask you, men of the Empire State, where on the
footstool do you find such a class of citizens politically so degraded?
Now, we ask you, in the coming Constitutional Convention, to so amend the
Second Article of our State Constitution as to wipe out this record of our
disgrace.
"But", say you, "women themselves do not make the demand." Mr. Phillips
said on this platform, a year ago, that "the singularity of this cause is,
that it has to be carried on against the wishes and purposes of its
victims," and he has been echoed by nearly every man who has spoken on
this subject during the past year. Suppose the assertion true, is it a
peculiarity of this reform?
We established free schools opposed to the will and wishes of the children
playing in the sunshine on the highway. We press temperance, opposed to
the will and wishes of drunkards and rumsellers. It has always been
opposed to the will and wishes of working men that inventors should apply
machinery to labor, and thus lift the burdens of life from the shoulders
of the race. Ignorant classes have always resisted innovations. Women
looked on the sewing-machine as a rival for a long time. Years ago the
laboring classes of England asked bread; but the Cobdens, the Brights, the
Gladstones, the Mills have taught them there is a power behind bread, and
to-day they ask the ballot. But they were taught its power first, and so
must woman be. Again, do not those far-seeing philosophers who comprehend
the wisdom, the beneficence, the morality of free trade urge this law of
nations against the will and wishes of the victims of tariffs and
protective duties? If you can prove to us that women do not wish to vote,
that is no argument against our demand. There are many duties in life that
ignorant, selfish, unthinking women do not desire to do, and this may be
one of them.
"But," says a distinguished Unitarian clergyman, in a recent sermon on
this subject, "they who first assume political responsibilities must
necessarily lose something of the feminine element." In the education and
elevation of woman we are yet to learn the true manhood and womanhood, the
true masculine and feminine elements. Dio Lewis is rapidly changing our
ideas of feminine beauty. In the large waists and strong arms of the girls
under his training, some dilettante gentleman may mourn a loss of feminine
delicacy. So in the wise, virtuous, self-supporting, common-sense women we
propose as the mothers of the future republic, the reverend gentleman may
see a lack of what he considers the feminine element. In the development
of sufficient moral force to entrench herself on principle, need a woman
necessarily lose any grace, dignity or perfection of character? Are not
those who have advocated the rights of women in this country for the last
twenty years as delicate and refined, as moral, high-toned, educated, just
and generous as any women in the land? I have seen women in many countries
and classes, in public and private; but have found none more pure and
noble than those I meet on this platform. I have seen our venerable
President in converse with the highest of English mobility, and even the
Duchess of Sutherland did not eclipse her in grace, dignity and
conversational power. Where are there any women, as wives and mothers,
more beautiful in their home life than Lucretia Mott and Lucy Stone, or
Antoinette Brown Blackwell? Let the freedman of the South Sea Islands
testify to the faithfulness, the devotion, the patience and tender mercy
of Frances D. Gage, who watched over their interests, teaching them to
read and work for two long years. Some on our platform have struggled with
hardship and poverty—been slaves even in "the land of the free and the
home of the brave," and bear the scars of life's battle. But is a
self-made woman less honorable than a self-made man? Answer our arguments.
When the Republic is in danger, no matter for our manners. When our
soldiers came back from the war, wan, weary, and worn, maimed, halt,
blind, wrinkled and decrepit—their banners torn, their garments stained
with blood—who, with a soul to feel, thought of anything but the glorious
work they had done? What if their mothers on this platform be angular,
old, wrinkled and gray? They, too, have fought a good fight for freedom,
and proudly bear the scars of the battle. We alone have struck the
key-note of reconstruction. While man talks of "equal, impartial, manhood
suffrage," we give the certain sound, "universal suffrage." While he talks
of the rights of races, we exalt the higher, the holier idea proclaimed by
the Fathers, and now twice baptized in blood, "individual rights." To
woman it is given to save the Republic. You have seen, no doubt, an
engraving of that beautiful conception of the artist, Beatrice and Dante.
On a slight elevation stands the ideal woman, her whole attitude
expressive of conscious power and dignity. Erect, self-poised, she gazes
into the heavens as if to draw inspiration and life from the great soul of
truth.
The man, on a lower plane, looks up with admiration and reverence, with a
chaste and holy love; and thus the poet tells us, by the law of attraction
woman leads man upward and onward, even through the hells, to heaven. I
have sometimes thought, in gazing on this picture, that it was suggestive
of what might be our future position. But, for this stage of civilization,
I would draw a line half way between our poets and law-makers—between
Dante and Blackstone—and place woman neither at man's feet nor above his
head,
but on an even platform by his side.
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